Typical areas of application in vacuum heat treatment are the high-tech branches of industry which required materials of exceptional purity—such as vacuum technology and semiconductor technology (from connections,flanges, and seals all the way to entire vacuum containers and structures). Other fields of application involve the production of components from highly reactive materials (niobium, zirconium, tantalum, and titanium). In many cases, semi-finished products and articles must be cleaned in a vacuum.
